The option is to use blkid
:
#
blkid /dev/sda1
/dev/sda1: UUID="625fa1fa-2785-4abc-a15a-bfcc498139d1" TYPE="ext2"
This recognizes most filesystem types and stuff like encrypted partitions.
You can also search for partitions with a given type:
# blkid -t TYPE=ext2
/dev/sda1: UUID="625fa1fa-2785-4abc-a15a-bfcc498139d1" TYPE="ext2"
/dev/sdb1: UUID="b80153f4-92a1-473f-b7f6-80e601ae21ac" TYPE="ext2"